The Annuncistion by Francesco Bissolo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Annuncistion by Francesco Bissolo - Essay ExampleThis was a celebrated and popular technique employed mostly by the Venetian School. The employment of this technique is discernible in the word picture through and through the use of color richly especially in the room of Mary. The use of soft tonalism is also present in the painting through the light that illuminates her chamber during the morning depicted in the painting (Zirpolo, 23). The painting is rich in shade, and use of bright colors is unpatterned. This technique is catch in the message it was depicting since it creates an atmosphere of life and joy that characterized the actual event in the bible. The artist uses the Venetian style brilliantly to this effect through the incorporation of color and light to show the mystery of piety in art. His technique causes the beautys to reflect on the painting since it looks to have an inner meaning, which the viewer tries to decipher. The use of this technique enabled the pain ter to put elaborate details on the painting. This is evident in the painting through the appearance of Marys room, and the adorn on the background. The characters faces exhibit the use of silhouettes with both Mary and the angels faces are illuminated by the artists use of light. The painting was fictional during a period where Venice was at its peak as a European trade center. This facilitated for the development of art in the city, and one of the notable contributions was the creation of the Venetian School. During the Renaissance eon in Europe, each School was distinguished using its own peerless style that was studied to excellence by the artists (Bourdua and Dunlop, 37). The Venetian style, evident in the painting, was distinct through its style in the use of color and lighting techniques that made its paintings unique. The School also employed the use of the oil speciality to perfection through the mastery of its use. This School was also characterized by the interweaving of the Byzantine styles and Gothic influences. This involved the use of rich color creating a festive thumb in the paintings. The development of the painting during this period also saw it assume some Renaissance inclinations, which were bolstered by the permeation of Florentine influences, in that the style had all-embracing towards Padua (Duby and Lobrichon, 57). Religion was a draw element in the art during this eon. Most of the issues that the artists painted about were influenced significantly by religion. This is evident where the painters depict an event in the bible. This is because life during the period was heavily inclined to religion, and the church had a foothold on the art in the period. The great painters of the time used the pretext of religion to describe the daily life of the inhabitants of Venice. Nevertheless, the School was affected adversely with the diminishing of the position of the city as a business hub. The church also was key in the ebbing of Venetian art, with the feudalism employed by the church during this period (Dubyand Lobrichon, p68). This decline saw titian, one of the great painters at the time, show sighs of crisis in his work in that there was a presence of psychological conflicts in his work. This was because of the different influences dominant at the time and their conflicting interests. The School of Venice boasts some of the greats in the art world during the Renaissance period. The esteemed list boasts of names like Titian, Michelangelo and many more. This shows the

Soviet Dissidents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Soviet Dissidents - Essay ExampleDuring the cold war , the dissidents by their sheer presence were able to bring out the hollowness of Soviet claims that theirs was to a fault a form of democracy and they had the unanimous support of people behind them. Thus historically, the dissidents have played a very important part in how the atomic number 74ern countries have viewed Soviet Union as a country. Because of the oppressive nature in which these dissidents were handled, the democratic faade of Soviet Union crashed and the differences between East and West became hugely apparent.The dissidents managed to reveal the actual manner of political repression in Soviet Union. Those who disagreed with the governments policies were arrested and sent to labor rings. Rather than acting as a deterrent to others, such(prenominal) actions prompted other dissidents to publicize these arrests using western sandwich media. When the government tried to arrest much people, more information started co ming out from these camps - the stories about labor camps and psychiatrical hospitals where prisoners were treated inhumanly and subjected to mental and physical torture. All this information caused a huge uproar against the government both within and outside the Soviet Union. By gather and circulating information, they were able to draw attention to the plights of Jews and other minorities, non-Russians seeking to emigrate, and many others-whose situation had been little noticed. In 1965, two young writes -- Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel were sentenced to long labor camp sentences for publishing their works abroad. The international reaction was immediate and harsh and this seriously damaged the image of the Soviet Union. But government refused to budge and both Sinyavsky and Daniel had to suffice their labor camp terms, but the Soviet Union never again imprisoned a writer for his writing. Later other dissident writers such as Alexander Solzhenitsyn were forcibly exiled while Vladimir Voinovich, Vasily Aksyonov, and Georgy Vladimov emigrated under pressure. But by then, these dissidents had been fairly successful in bring out in open the conflict in the Russian society. Their efforts also gained them some relief such as freedom of expression ( to a certain extent), allowing of mass emigration from Soviet Union. Before the 1970s, it was roughly impossible to leave the Soviet Union legally. Finally the decision was made to allow Jews to emigrate under a formula - that they were returning to their historic fatherland. And finally, they influenced the governments treatment of dissenters themselves. Earlier, one of the dissidents -- Yuri Galanskov died while serving his sentence in a Soviet labor camp. But later on, Soviet authorities kept the known dissidents alive. They could afford to let them die because of fear of reprisal from western countries. They also started reducing and avoiding the arrests of prominent dissidents and allowed them to continue their activities. Of course, they were kept under tight surveillance. Although some section of western media thinks that soviet dissidents were paid more than the due attention, but the fact re principal(prenominal)s that had these people not made their voices heard, the Soviet Union we see today having more liberal attitude would not have emerged. Let us take a look at some of the dissidents and how they helped in influencing the government attitudes.One of the main dissidents Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn was a prominent novelist and

The Experience of Ethnic Minority Workers Essay Example for Free

The Experience of Ethnic nonage Workers EssayEXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report describes the findings of a qualitative inquiry swan, The Experience of Ethnic Minority and Migrant Workers in the Hotel and give Industry R eruptes to Support and Advice on Workplace Problems, funded by the European Social Fund and Acas and carried step up by the Working Lives seek Institute at capital of the United Kingdom Metropolitan University. The enquiry provides evidence of the conditions faced by heathenish nonage and migratory conkers in the hotel and eatery heavens, an industry already known for its harsh works environment. In-depth interviews with 50 social minority and migrant workers in capital of the United Kingdom, the West Midlands and the South West were carried out amid whitethorn 2005 and May 2006. In addition, interviews were held with key informants to provide contextual tuition on features and trends within the sector. The key findings of the research argon summarised here. Working conditions in hotels and restaurants Cash-in-hand, undecl bed or below-declared, and under-the-counter work was effectuate among the ethnic minority and migrant restaurant workers interviewed, and affected both employment conditions and rates of pay.This was prevalent in sm entirely, ethnic minority-owned restaurants, usu entirelyy employing members of the equivalent ethnic group. The National Minimum Wage (NMW) was the rate commonly paid to base grade module, including mensuration and restaurant staff, hotel porters and housekeeping staff, particularly outside of London. The research excessively found a high incidence of flat rate payments per shift or per week, regardless of hours worked, be wiped out(p) the NMW, often paid cash-in-hand. Long hours work was a that feature. Full- while workers did a minimum 40-hour week, with 50 to 60 hours a week being common, particularly in restaurants.Late night working, or until the last customer left, was often expe cted without extra pay. Some felt that they had no life outside work due to the long hours demanded by the job. In round instances, individuals had several jobs to earn money to restrain family or send back home. in that respect was low awareness of holiday and leave entitlements. Very hardly a(prenominal) workers received more than the statutory entitlement to four weeks holiday. Some reported acquire no paid holidays or receiving less than the legal minimum, and at that place was generally low awareness of holiday entitlement.In small restaurants there was whatsoevertimes an on the loose(p) policy of cardinal weeks leave. It was common for workers to imbibe received no written statements of particulars or contracts. This was found among both informally and legitimately sedulous workers, and was a source of anxiety for several. 1 There were poor perceptions of job security in the sector. fewer workers felt secure in their employment, often feeling they could be sa cked on the spot, particularly those working informally. Some longer-term workers in regular employment were aware that increasing use of casual and agency staff meant that their jobs were not secure.Training available to migrant workers, particularly in restaurants, was minimal, usually only in basic health and safety, hygiene or fire procedures. In some hotels, however, managing directors had recognised the neglect of training in the past and were offering staff the chance to act National Vocational Qualifications. Problems at work There was a high degree of acceptance of the poor working conditions in the sector among interviewees, with issues such(prenominal) as low pay, long hours, unpaid overtime and poor health and safety standards often not perceived as particular problems but rather viewed as the nature of work in the sector.Where problems were identified these related to pay long working hours workload getting time off intimidate and verbal guy, including racial har assment problems getting on with colleagues English language skills and theft of property from work. Bullying and verbal abuse was common, particularly in kitchens where chefs were often known as bullies, but this was accepted by some as just the mentality of the kitchen. Sometimes the abuse had a racial element, with bloody foreigner used as a term of abuse. Racist abuse from restaurant customers was also regularly suffered by some waiters.In one hotel, several staff had experienced bullying from a manager, resulting in time off sick with stress. Staff believed there was an ulterior motive of trying to get rid of long-serving employees and replacing them with cheaper casual staff. Opportunities for advance were felt by several interviewees to be inhibited by discrimination on grounds of race, ethnicity, nationality or age, as well as the limitations imposed by work permit or visa rules. Some long-term workers felt they had been overlooked for promotion, with their age then compoun ding the problem as employers looked for younger staff to promote and develop.Where employees saw that they had opportunities to progress, this was due to the concentrate of a manager. Opportunities were further limited by employer presumptions about the suitability of staff for front-of-house jobs, such as reception or waiter positions, based on ethnicity, gender and age. Some employers expressed preferences for white staff, or a balance of white and non-white front-of house staff, on the grounds that it was what their customers wanted. The research found that such racial stereotyping was expressed openly in this sector in a way that may not be acceptable in other sectors. 2 In the main, interviewees did not raise health and safety concerns when discussing problems at work, reflecting an acceptance of the hazards of this type of work. However umpteen issues did arise during the course of interviews, which implicate burns and working in hot kitchens working in a confined spa ce back and shoulder pains and tiredness from long working hours and heavy workload. Often, responsibility for health and safety, such as avoiding burns, was seen as primarily belonging to the employee and not the employer.Most workers believed that little could be done to tackle the problems that they were having at work, or felt that the only solution was to leave the job. A handful of workers had taken action to resolve their problems at work, either by raising concerns with their manager, or seeking outside support or advice. Support, advice and awareness of rights Workers felt poorly informed about employment rights in the UK, and had little idea of where to get information if they needed it. Many also were unsure about aspects of their own particular basis and conditions of employment, which was related to a drop of written information.As might be expected, those who had been in the UK for a longer time, and the small number who were members of a trade union, felt wear in formed about their rights at work. Trade unions had been a precious source of support for a small number of interviewees, but for most workers, unions simply did not feature in their experience of work. But despite the difficulties of organising in the sector, including high staff turnover, no culture of trade unionism and employers that are hostile to trade unions, union membership was growing in one London hotel and catering branch.This was the result of recruitment campaigns that included information in several languages. Some interviewees either had, or would, seek support from friendship organisations about problems at work. However, there was a variation in the level of community support available in the three regions, with London and the West Midlands having established organisations arraying a revolution of ethnic groups, but such structures were lots less well developed in the South West.Seeking support and advice through community organisations can also be a double-edg ed sword for those who work for employers within the same ethnic community, with some fearing that if they sought advice, word would get around and they would have problems getting work in future. Of the small number of workers who had sought support for problems at work, Citizens Advice, Acas and a specific project for service workers (no longer in existence) had been used. season a small number were aware of Citizens Advice, a couple thought that the service excluded them because of its name, which implied to them that it was for British citizens only. 3 Conclusions and recommendations While many of the working conditions and problems highlighted in this report are common to workers in the sector, the research found several features that serve to differentiate the experience of ethnic minority and migrant workers immigration positioning working in the informal sector discrimination in the labour market and employment and low expectations which increase tolerance of poor worki ng conditions.For ethnic minority and migrant workers the difficulties in raising and resolving problems relate both to their own individual vulnerability and characteristics of work in the sector. Recent migrant workers may have limited English language skills and little or no knowledge of UK employment rights and support structures, factors that compound the difficulties of addressing problems in the sector.These include the perception that there is a ready supply of labour to replace workers who complain a lack of union organisation a culture of poor personnel practice, such as minimal training and provision of information and the informal nature of much employment obtained by ethnic minority and migrant workers in the sector. There appeared also to be a lack of monitoring or enforcement of employers compliance with employment legislation in this sector.To understand the different experiences and motivations for ethnic minority and migrant workers working in hotels and restaurant s, the research developed a typology of strategies that highlights at one end how some individuals feel they are acting strategically in semblance to their work choices, whereas at the other, economic factors and limitations play a greater role in determining their choices. The strategies move from Career progression through Broadening opportunities and Stepping cavity to Pragmatic acceptance and No alternative.The research makes a number of recommendations about how the position of this vulnerable group of workers can be improved through make better entree to employment rights and information, improvements in working conditions and career opportunities, and improved provision of support and advice. 4 1. INTRODUCTION This project, The Experience of Ethnic Minority Workers in the Hotel and Catering Industry Routes to Support and Advice on Workplace Problems, was funded by the European Social Fund and Acas and carried out by the Working Lives Research Institute, London Metropol itan University between May 2004 and July 2006.The project used qualitative research methods to look the experiences and problems at work of ethnic minority and migrant workers in hotels and restaurants, with the aim of both identifying the setting of experiences and problems encountered, and gaining a greater understanding of access to and use of support and advice to resolve these problems. The research therefore provides evidence of the conditions faced by ethnic minority and migrant workers, which is an area relatively neglected by research so far.Its objective is to inform policy in order to improve good practice in relation to the employment of ethnic minority and migrant workers, to prevent problems from arising, and to improve the support and advice mechanisms available. The key target groups for these research findings and policy objectives are thus employers, statutory bodies, the voluntary sector, trade unions and community groups. 1.1 Background to the project At the s tart of the project a working paper (Wright and Pollert, 2005) was prepared to establish the result of ethnic minority and migrant working in the hotel and restaurant sector, as well as pinpointing the main issues for workers in the sector identified by the alert literature. The working paper is available on the project website1. The paper showed that ethnic minority and migrant workers make up a significant part of the hotel and restaurant work force almost threefifths (59%) of workers in the sector in London described themselves as other thanWhite British in the 2001 census (Wright and Pollert, 2005 27). Outside of London the picture reflects the differences in the concentration of the ethnic minority population across the UK. In the West Midlands, where 84% of the hotel and restaurant workforce were White British in 2001, the largest other groups were White other (2. 9%), Bangladeshi (2. 3%) and Indian (2. 2%). The sector is a particularly important source of employment for so me groups, with 52% of male Bangladeshi workers employed in restaurants, compared to only 1% of white males (Holgate, 2004 21).In London, migrant workers (those born(p) outside the UK) account for 60% of those employed in the hotel and restaurant sector (GLA, 2005 68), compared to 31% of all London workers who were born outside the UK. However there have been important changes in the composition of the hotel and restaurant workforce since the 2001 census, with employers filling vacancies in the sector by employing significant add up of workers from the East European countries that acceded to the EU in 2004 (known as the A8 countries).The government requires nationals of the A8 countries who wish to work in the UK to register with the Worker Registration Scheme (WRS), and Home Office figures show that of the 375,000 workers registered between May 2004 and March 2006, 22% were working in cordial reception and catering (80,570 workers) (Home Office, 1 http//www. workinglives. org/Ho telCatering. html 5 2006a). There has, however, been a decline in the proportion of WRS applicants in Hospitality and Catering from 31% in the imprimatur quarter of 2004, to 18% in the first quarter of 2006, with Administration, Business and Management now employing greater numbers.The highest proportion of all applicants under the scheme were Polish (61%), followed by Lithuanian (12%) and Slovak (10%). The figures also show a movement of registered workers to other parts of the UK than London, with the percentage applying to London falling from 25% in the second quarter of 2004, to 11% in the first quarter of 2006 (Home Office, 2006a). While working conditions in the industry have been well documented as consisting of low pay, low status, exploitation of employees and lack of unionisation (e.g. Gabriel, 1988 Price, 1994 Head and Lucas, 2004 LPC 2005), little has been written in the UK about the actual experiences of ethnic minority and migrant workers, with much of the existing li terature focusing on management behaviour and strategy (Wright and Pollert, 2005). Some youthful exceptions include a sight of low pay in London (Evans et al, 2005), which included the hotel and catering industry. This study of 341 randomly selected low paid workers contained 90% who were migrants.Of their sample of hotel and hospitality workers, the largest group (two-fifths) were non-British whites, mainly from eastern Europe, followed by Africans (24%). It found the lowest rates of pay to be in the hotel and catering sector, below contract cleaning, home care and the food industry. Other recent research has considered the experience of Central and East European migrants in low paid employment in the UK in the context of the A8 countries joining the EU, and covers hospitality, along with construction, agriculture and au pairs (Anderson et al, 2006).It is some 15 years since the Commission for racial Equality (CRE) undertook a formal investigation into recruitment and selection in hotels (CRE, 1991) in response to concern that the sector was failing to consider equal opportunities in employment practices. It found that ethnic minority staff were disproportionately concentrated in unskilled jobs, and found only one ethnic minority manager out of 117 hotels investigated.It made a number of recommendations about how hotels should improve their practices in relation to recruitment, monitoring, positive action and training taking account of equal opportunities issues. However, we have been unable to find evidence of any monitoring or evaluation of whether these recommendations have been heeded or implemented by hotel employers. While knowledge of employment rights among all workers in the UK is poor, it has been shown that vulnerable groups know even less (Pollert, 2005).A random survey of peoples awareness of employment rights in the West Midlands found that women, ethnic minorities, young people and the low paid were least likely to be aware of their rights ( WMLPU, 2001). The research was undertaken in the context of considerable public argue on migration policy, and at a time when the government was intending to phase out low skilled migration schemes, such as the Sectors Based Scheme, which granted work permits to original numbers of workers in skills shortage sectors such as hospitality, in the light of new labour available from the European Union (Home Office,2005).At the same time there is increasing concern for vulnerable workers, and the government has recently published a policy statement on protecting vulnerable workers, defined as someone working in an environment where the risk of being denied employment rights is high and who does not have the capacity or means to protect themselves from that abuse (DTI, 2006 25). 6 1. 2 Research aims The research set out to address the following key questions 1. What are the working conditions of ethnic minority and migrant workers in hotels and restaurants? 2.How are working conditions s een and what are perceived as problems, and how does this impact on acceptance of poor working conditions? 3. What type of problems do ethnic minority and migrant workers have working in hotels and restaurants? 4. How do these compare to the problems generally affecting workers in the sector and to what extent are they associated with particular labourmarket niches within the sector to which these workers are confined? If this is so, to what extent is the insecurity of migrant status relevant, or is racial discrimination relevant? 5.How much do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector know about their rights at work, and to what extent do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector attempt to enforce their legal rights at work, or instead try to find ways to achieve a adequate income and manageable working conditions, even if this means colluding with illegal employment practices? 6. How much do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector know about where to get advice and support for problems at work? And who do they turn to for advice and support?To what extent do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector use statutory (i.e. Acas, CRE), voluntary (CABx, local advice agencies), trade union, community (groups or informal contacts through ethnic networks) or informal (friends, family) sources of support and advice? 7. What are the experiences of ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector of using all these sources of support and advice and what barriers do they face in accessing support and advice for workplace problems? 1. 3 Structure of the report The report describes the research methodology and access routes, unitedly with the characteristics of the interviewees in section 2.The working conditions experienced by interviewees are described in section 3, confirming evidence from much of the existing literature on the sector, but also bring out where the experience of ethnic minority and migrant workers may be particu lar. Section 4 describes the problems encountered by interviewees in their jobs in hotels and restaurants, but also considers the attitude of these workers to specify problems at work, as well as their onrushes to resolving problems and barriers to resolution.The information, support and advice available to and used by the ethnic minority and migrant workers interviewed is explored in section 5, together with their awareness of employment rights in the UK. 7 In section 6 conclusions are drawn about the specific experiences of ethnic minority and migrant workers in the sector, the problems that they face and their need for support and advice, suggesting that changes need to be made to practice within the sector, as well as in improved provision of support to ethnic minority and migrant workers.8 2. METHODOLOGY The project employed qualitative research methods to gather in-depth accounts of the experiences of 50 ethnic minority and migrant workers. Interviews were carried out betwee n May 2005 and May 2006. In addition, interviews and face-to face and telephone conversations were held with key informants to provide contextual information on features and trends within the sector affecting ethnic minority and migrant workers.The strengths of using qualitative methods are that they can not only identify tangible issues (the problems themselves, for example), but also more elusive, subjective issues, such as motivation, perceptions of opportunities and of rights, sense of inclusion, integration and fairness or their opposites sense of frustration, alienation and barriers to obtaining support and fairness at work. 2. 1 Regional scope The research project was confined to England within the terms of reference set by the European Social Fund.Three English regions were selected in order to provide a similitude of experiences of migrant and ethnic minority workers London, the West Midlands and the South West. London and the West Midlands have considerably larger non-w hite and migrant populations than other parts of the country, with significant numbers of Bangladeshis and Pakistanis working in the hotel and restaurant sector in the West Midlands (Wright and Pollert, 2005 27 28). In contrast, the South West is the English region with the smallest non-white population, but is experiencing a development in migrant workers.The problems facing ethnic minority and migrant populations here have been less well documented, but where studies have been done, isolation from ethnic minority communities and support structures emerges as an issue (BMG Research, 2003 Gaine and Lamley, 2003 SWTUC, 2004). Tourism also accounts for 10% of total employment in the South West, with the greatest proportion of these (70%) employed in the hospitality sector accommodation, restaurants, pubs etc.(Tourism Skills Network South West, 2002). In the South West it was decided to focus the research on two towns with a large phaeton population and therefore a high demand for a h otel and restaurant workforce Bournemouth and Plymouth. The Human Resources manager of a Bournemouth hotel group, interviewed for this research, utter that only 32% of their workforce was British, indicating a high reliance on foreign-born workers. 2.2 Definitions of ethnic minority and migrant workers The research includes both ethnic minority and migrant workers, categories which, in real life, are complex, changing and overlapping. Some ethnic minorities (using the Labour Force Survey definitions) will also be migrants. Migrants (defined here as all those who were born outside the UK, Home Office, 2002) may or may not be defined as ethnic minorities, and may or may not be discriminated against. White Australian or Canadian migrant workers, for example, would not be.But Kosovan people may be regarded as ethnic minorities, and suffer racism and discrimination, and Czech or Polish people may or may not be discriminated against, and while they may not be visible in terms of skin col our, in the way black and Asian people are, they are visible in terms of language, cultural characteristics, and discrimination. As many white Eastern Europeans are now 9 working in the hotel and restaurant sector, particularly since the EU enlargement in May 2004, it was felt to be important to include their experiences in the study.2. 3 Access to research participants In order to include the experience of a broad range of interviewees from different ethnic groups and backgrounds, including both recent and more settled ethnic minorities, it was decided to use multiple routes to access interviewees. Therefore a range of bodies were contacted, many with a twofold purpose of a) providing contextual information about the sector and/or the experiences of particular ethnic groups and b) helping gain access to research participants.Organisations contacted included trade unions, community and worker organisations, sector bodies, employers and statutory and advice agencies (see Appendix 2). In the South West, where there are fewer organised community groups than in the two other regions, we spoke to officers at Bournemouth Borough Council, who gave us informal contacts within the main local ethnic minority communities, as well as putting us in contact with several community interpreters who spoke the main languages of the local ethnic minority groups Portuguese, Korean, Turkish, Bengali and Spanish.These routes proved very useful in helping to access research participants and in providing comment for interviews. However, in the end, Turkish and Bangladeshi workers were reluctant to come forward to be interviewed, which the interpreters said was because they were fearful of speaking out about their employers, despite reassurances of confidentiality. In all three areas we used fieldworkers who were able to use their language skills to carry out interviews in workers native languages, namely Bengali, Spanish, Polish, Lithuanian and Mandarin.The fieldworkers were also ab le to provide access to workers who may not have come forward otherwise, being people who were known and trusted among their own ethnic communities, or who were able to provide sufficient reassurance of confidentiality. Training was provided in using the interview guide to all fieldworkers to ensure a common approach was used in interviews and that fieldworkers understood the aims and objectives of the research.While the approach used provided access to workers in a wide range of establishments,from large hotel groups to small independent restaurants, including several working illegally or informally, we realize that using such routes could not access the most hard-to-reach illegal migrant and ethnic minority workers, who may constitute a considerable proportion of workers in the sector. The research may not fully represent the worst conditions found in the underbelly of the sector as suffered by many illegal or undocumented migrants, as portrayed, for example, in Steven Frears 200 2 film about a London hotel, Dirty Pretty Things.It was decided not only to seek out interviewees who perceived themselves as having had a problem at work, but a range of people in different jobs in the sector, in order to explore their typical work experiences and their attitudes towards problems and conditions in the sector. 10 2. 4 Key informants In addition to the worker interviews, at least 20 key informants (see Appendix 2) provided further context on the hotel and restaurant sector, including regional knowledge.These included employers and employer representative bodies, trade union officials and branch members, community organisations, representatives of sector bodies and statutory and voluntary organisations. In some cases in-depth interviews were carried out, and in others more informal conversations were held either face-to-face or on the telephone. 2. 5 Worker interviews A total of 50 in-depth qualitative interviews were carried out in the three regions, with a greater n umber in London due to the huge range of ethnic minority and migrant workers in the sector in the capital.The breakdown was as follows evade 1 Worker interviews by region Region London South West West Midlands Total % 46% 24% 30% 100% No. of worker interviews 23 12 15 50 during the interviews, which and a half. Participants were of both themselves and their participation with a ? 10 shop A semi-structured interview schedule was used generally lasted between 45 minutes to an hour assured of confidentiality, and of the anonymity employer. They were thanked for their time and voucher.At the start of the interview, participants were asked to complete a two-page questionnaire giving basic demographic and employment details, data from which is provided in the following section. 2. 5. 1 Ethnicity Respondents were asked to describe their ethnicity, according to the classification used in the 2001 Census. The results are classify together in table 2. Table 2 Ethnicity of the sample Ethnici ty White Bangladeshi and Pakistani Chinese and Other Asian Black Mixed % 36% 26% 20% 16% 2% No. of interviewees 18 13 10 8 1 11 2. 5.2 Country of birth Table 3 shows the range of countries from which interviewees came. It was notable that only one participant was born in the UK, despite attempts to find British-born ethnic minority workers in the sector. Both fieldworkers and interviewees themselves commented that many British-born people do not wish to work in a sector that is known for low pay and long hours, including the children of migrants interviewed, as they seek better alternative employment opportunities (some young British-born workers do work in the sector while they are students, but tend to do so for only a short time).Table 3 Country of birth Country of birth Bangladesh China Colombia France Ghana Holland Indonesia Ivory coast Korea Lithuania Philippines Poland Portugal Slovakia Somalia Spain Sudan Turkey UK Ukraine 2. 5. 3 Gender Women are under-represented in the sa mple (38% of interviewees) compared to their presence in the sector as a whole, but this reflects the fact that the sample includes a substantial number of Bangladeshi workers, who represent a significant group in the sector in the West Midlands, and most of these workers are male (Wright and Pollert, 2005 27-28).2. 5. 4 Age Only one interviewee was under 21 years old. Almost two-fifths (38%) were vulcanised 21 to 30 years old, and the same proportion were between 31 and 40 years old. Six interviewees (12%) were aged 41 to 50, and five (10%) were between 51 to 60. None of the interviewees were aged over 60. 2. 5. 5 Education Overall the sample was fairly highly educated, with 36% having a first stage or higher degree. Another 10% had post-secondary non-tertiary level education, and 36% had received education up to secondary level, while 12% had received.% 24% 10% 6% 2% 4% 2% 2% 2% 6% 8% 2% 4% 4% 6% 6% 2% 2% 4% 2% 2% No. of interviewees 12 5 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 12 pr imary level education or less. A further 6% had other qualifications or the details of their education were not known. 2. 5. 6 Employment The majority (62%) of the interviewees worked in restaurants, while 30% worked in hotels. The remaining 8% either worked in both hotels and restaurants, as agency workers, or in catering services. More than half of respondents (54%) said there were 10 or fewer employees where they worked.A further 22% said there were between 11 and 25 people where they worked. Only 6% worked for employers with between 26 to 49 people and 10% said there were 50 or more employees where they worked. However these figures should be treated with caution, and may underestimate the number working for larger employers, as respondents may have interpreted the questions as referring to the workplace or department of the hotel where they worked, rather than the employer as a whole.Almost half the interviewees (48%) worked as waiters or waitresses, either in hotels or restaur ants. Another 20% were chefs or cooks, and a further 4% worked in kitchens as general assistants. 12% said they were supervisors or managers and 4% described themselves as cashiers. Another 10% worked in other jobs in hotels as receptionist, general assistant or porter/bar worker. The majority of workers were full-time (70%), while 14% said they worked parttime, and 14% were casual workers.Working hours were long. The largest proportion (40%) worked over 40 hours per week 10% worked between 41 and 48 hours, while almost a third (30%) said they worked over 48 hours a week. Just over a third (36%) worked between 21 and 40 hours a week. Only 6% did less than 20 hours a week. The majority (82%) had only one job at the time of the interview, with 18% having two or more jobs. However, some of those currently working in only one jo.

Relationship formation Essay Example for Free

Relationship formation EssayA relationship is an encounter with a nonher person or a group of throng that endures over era. It happens with celebrities even though you dont meet them. Derrick (2008) discovered how these fake relationships (parasocial relationships) could provide a safe route for people who have a difficult time with real interpersonal relationships. People with low self-esteem can use parasocial relationships to feel closer to their ideal selves (i.e. the person they would rather be than the person they in reality are). Relationships are important to social well being. They are characterised by features including the following responsibility, giving,, taking, rules (for e.g. you cant sleep with your friends ex- quisling) and roles (best friend, wife, daughter mother etc).There are two primary(prenominal) theories that explain why relationships are formed. I am going to begin with the reward/need satisfaction model (Byrne and Clove, 1970) this suggests that bo th operant and classical condition play a part in relationships. This theory states that we learn to associate with people for positive and enjoyable situations even if they are not flat honour us in these instances. In other words, we enter a relationship that rewards us the most or give us the most pleasure. As in the of import when time is spent with others we have a laugh and feel happy, vibrant and awe few. Whereas when we spend time alone we tend to feel sad and lonely to some extent lethargic.Also, this theory uses conditioning and reinforcement. Classical conditioning is when we associate with pleasure rather than being directly rewarded. In contrast, operant conditioning is when we are directly rewarded such as through gifts, companionship and sex. Positive reinforcement is when you are rewarded by compliments for example. On the other hand negative reinforcement is achieved by taking something good away from you such as you split with your boyfriend still to make the sadness go away from splitting up with your partner by sleeping with someone else or going out with someone else (rebound).Therefore, this relationship is based on negative reinforcement as you are tortuous in the relationship to take away the upset and sad feelings you have. In addition May and Hamilton (1980) asked fe priapic students to say how much they liked the look of male students (strangers), whose photographs they were given. Some students viewed them while pleasant medicine was being played. Others looked at the photographs while unpleasant music was being played. A comparison (control) group viewed the same pictures, but no music was played. As predicted in the hypothesis, the students who had heard the pleasant music while looking at the photographs liked the men best and rated them more attractive.This and many a(prenominal) experiments (e.g. Cunningham, 1998) have video displayn that positive effect (feeling/emotion) can lead to attraction. However this experiment didnt take into account individual differences as participants may like the unpleasant music retributive as much as the pleasant music. Also doesnt take into account gender differences as the type of music played may not affect males on their scoring.Overall, the reward/need satisfaction model doesnt take into account that giving may provide people with pleasure rather than just receiving. Hays (1985) found when examining student friendships as much value was given to rewarding the other person than as being rewarded oneself. Participants in relationships are a great deal more concerned with equity and fairness in rewards and demands than with the desire to maximise their own benefits. Furthermore, this model tends to focus on western cultures hence lacks ecological validity. In non -western cultures you tend to be rewarded for being like everyone else rather than individualistic so being in a relationship wouldnt be rewarding in these cultures. cumulus (1972) showed that kinship bonds are very influential resilient not dependent on reinforcement. Indicating social relationships are more commonly found in these countries and show little concern for the receipt of reinforcements. In addition this theory doesnt take into account gender differences as women are more focused on the ineluctably of others, with men it is against their machismo and manliness, who are orientated towards the gratification of their own needs, (Lott, 1994). However it could be argued that meeting the needs of others might be reinforcing in itself.Moreover, the matching hypothesis (Walster et al, 1966) suggests that sensual attractiveness is the main thing we look for in a correspond and that we are attracted to those that are similar to us. Further research lead to the following main theories socially desirable individuals seek out other socially desirable individuals and matched couples tend to be more successful than unmatched couples. When we are choosing a mate we are influenced by desirability and the probability of the person saying yes (realistic choice). Murstein (1972) supports the theory that physical attractiveness is the main factor when forming a relationship (the matching hypothesis).Murstein argues that individuals sign attraction towards each other in the formative stages of a relationship depends on available costs that indicate their social desirability (e.g. physical attractiveness). data collected in the real world shows strong evidence for the matching effect in correlational studies conducted with actual couples (e.g. Murstein 1972, Silverman 1971). In these studies the attractiveness level is heedful for each partner for actual couples.

Montessori Philisophy Essay Example for Free

Montessori Philisophy EssayIntroductionThe fry at birth appears almost nonhing. He cannot walk, cannot talk and he cant even work through on his own. The same tyke within two years engages so much. He can walk, run, talk continuously. Maria Montessori calls the child during this formative peak, a ghost comparable Embryo. The human being is provided with two conceptusnic mensess. One is pre-natal and another one post-natal. The pre-natal period is the period when the physical exploitation takes place. All beings live with exactly pre-natal period. But the human being has another embryonic period which is post-natal. Any animal immediately after birth starts to walk, eats on his own and it go forth be a complete animal whereas the man has a prolonged infancy in order to become independent.Montessori biographyAn Italian educator of the archean 20th century Maria is remembered as the founder of the famous Montessori Method of education Maria Montessori was born in the town of Chiaravalle in the province of Ancona, Italy on 31 august 1870She developed interest and biology became her great passion. She persisted and became the starting woman in Italy to earn the degree of doctor of medicine. She was appointed at the psychiatric clinic in the University of Rome. She worked with special need children and became deeply interested in their education. In 1904 she was appointed as professor of anthropology at the university. She died in 1952.Birth of a method actingIn 1906, she was appointed as a co-director of a new training institute for special education t severallyer. Her studies led her to observe the method of teaching children with capable and festeringal disabilities. Many of the children made unexpected gains and the program was proclaimed success. In 1907, Maria accepted a new challenge to open infant rail in a slum clearance rehousing program in Rome. The first school, in sanLorenzo, It was called Casa dei bambini, a quality learning envir onment for young children. Utilising scientific observations and consume gained from her earlier work from young children she designed learning materials and environment that foster the children natural desire to learn. In 1910, the Montessori Method became worldwide creating a new education. upstart EducationThe new education is a innovation but a revolution without violence. It is the non-violent revolution. (Maria Montessori, The Absorbent estimate, Translated from Italian by Claude A.claremont.Newyork,1967,p.215) Dr. Maria Montessori called for a revolution in society to human development and education. According to the philosophy of new education character building is a question of auto construction and children essential be helped in their own work of constructing their character. There is only one problem, and it is human development in its totality once this is achieved in any unit-child or nation everything else follows spontaneously and harmoniously (Maria Montessori, To Educate the human potential, kalashetra publication,adyar,madras,1961,p 13.)The aim of education is the balanced development of personality-the whole personality, the integrated personality.Spiritual embryoMontessori compared the process of mental and phantasmal development to the physical unfolding of human organism. This post natal work is a constructive activity which is carried on the baby what may be called the formative period and it makes the baby into a kind of spiritual embryo. A new born child has no hereditary models of behaviour to follow heretofore he has potentialities able to bring about his development, and these are done by making use of outer world.The clock have changed, turning its attention and energies to the breakthrough of the child and the development of the great potentialities of the human personality in course of construction (Maria Montessori, Discovery of the child, ABC-clio ltd,1948)Maria Montessori called these potentialities as nebulae as the y are the productive energy which guides the child to absorb from his environment. The growth and psychic of childs development are driven by an leave behind power and a vital impel called horme that makes the child to do what he needs to develop. Only nature, which has established certain laws and determined the needs of the human being in course of development, can visit the educational method to be followed. According to Montessori in that location are eight natural laws.Law of workMontessori describes through work the urge of child is met and his tautness to activity likewise increases and the child reaches a psychic integration state of normalisationLaw of independenceThe child conquest of independence is the staple whole tone in what is called his natural law of development. At birth the child leaves his mother womb and this makes him independent of his bodily process. To be independent the child mustinessiness draw without the help of others.Development of willMo ntessori believes that decision made by the child on any activity and action taken by the child is the basic for will development. There are three storys of development in will. In first stage the inner urge directs him to do the activity several times by which he gains control over himself and his environment. In second stage he gains power over himself and gets disciplined and accepts the responsibility for his action. In third stage the child gains power to obey. The child turns his power of obedience towards someone else.Power of attentionWhen the child is placed in a environment favourable to his spiritual growth, the child fix his attention upon an object, will use it for the purpose for which it was constructed and will continue to repeat the same exercise .In fact, the attention of the little child was not artificially maintained by a instructor, it was an object which fixed that attention, corresponding to some internal pulse.Development of intelligenceAccording to Montes sori, Intellectual development is authoritative as it helps a child to know as well as explore the environment. Through the developing thoughts, a child is endowed with the necessary instrument of interacting with the environmentDevelopment of imagination and creativityImagination helps provide understanding to knowledge it is a fundamental facility through which child makes sense of the world, and it also plays a key role in the learning process. A basic training for imagination is the listening to storytelling. The things that we touch, see and hear coalesce into a watch via our imagination. Imagination is the power of forming a mental image of something not present to the senses or never before wholly perceived in reality. That is the spiritual embryo self-constructs him to become a unified personality. This self-construction is aided internally (mentally) and externally. Internal aid includes the absorbent mind and the clarified periods.Absorbent mindMontessori observed that young children learn in a unique way from prenatal life to about six years old. Since the neonatal has to learn everything, (he has no tools other than reflexes to survive)he must dramatise his survival skills in some other way. A child absorbs knowledge directly into his psychic life. A child learns by taking in everything close to him and constructs himself. Using his senses he creates himself without thought or choice. This mentality of child is absorbent mind. Montessori saw absorbent mind in two phases.Unconscious mind (0-3 yrs)At birth, the spiritual embryo has no knowledge or impression in him, it is totally empty. It has to start from nothing. At this stage the child absorbs all impressions from his environment unconsciously. (I.e. the child does not know that he has taken all this with in him) To do this he has no other tools other than his reflexes to survey. At this point the child is like a sponge. He absorbs all informations without any filters. This process takes pl ace naturally without any thought or choice. This is called unconscious mind or unconscious creation mind. Once these information are incorporated in his schemas, it will be end of his third year, and he has developed his mental muscles. This conceptualisation of the unconscious mind is used for later development and activity, after three years, a trans takes place from unconscious mind to another phase called conscious mind or conscious work mind.Conscious mind (3-6 yrs.)In this stage the childs ability to focus, use his energy, and capacity to absorb, information in tremendous. This helps in developing emotions and intellectual aspects. From three years of age he moves to the conscious mind using the impressions developed and created during his first three years. This memory which absorbs images into individuals life is called gifted memory or mneme. Any impedance which lessons the creativity in this age reduces the perfections. At this age they have a good creative power and ima gination. He learns how to understand, ability the reasons and his mathematical mind compels him, to perfect himself.Sensitive periodsMontessori observed a cognitive plan which determines the unique emotional and intellectual qualities of each child. These qualities develop through what Montessori referred to as the sensitive periods. Montessori identified six different sensitive periods from birth through age six.Sensitivity to orderDuring this period there is a need for a precise and determined environment, which can be observed by the joy which children show at seeing things in their meet places. The presence of this period is more evident when the order is somehow interfered with. Order is one of the needs of life which, when it is satisfied, produces a real happiness (Montessori, The Secret of Childhood. Ballantine Books, 1973, 52). eruditeness through their five sensesChild is sensitized to sensory order in other words, to the difference s things, that some are soft or hard, that objects have colour, different colours, and shapes of the same colour. He needs to reconcilely explore his prepared world so he can differentiate these qualities There is nothing in the intellect which was not first in some way in the senses, and senses being explorers of the world, opens the way to knowledge. Maria Montessori.Sensitive to impetusThe sensitive period for movement is most intense during the first year of life. By about twelve months many babies take their first steps. An infants need to walk is so strong that he becomes upset if he is impeded. The childs rhythm is so much slower than our own. He walks to perfect his walking whereas we walk with purposeful intent.Sensitive to languageDuring sensitive period for language, no one teaches the child to talk. His language develops naturally like a spontaneous creation of all auditory stimulation surrounding the baby, it is the human vox that he deeply hears and imitates. By six months, he is uttering his first syll ables, and by about two years old he explodes into language. He dialog and talks non-stop.Sensitive to small objectA child has the urge to pay attention to small objects from two years of age. Sensitivity to small objects is an important development because it helps widen the childs power of observation and allows the child concentrate his intellectual power on a specific problem.Principles of Prepared EnvironmentThe first aim of the prepared environment is, as far as it is possible, to render the growing child independent of the adult. (Maria Montessori. The Secret of Childhood Fides Publishers, 1966.) Her life and work,cosmo publication.newdeldi,2009,p246)Montessoris idea of the prepared environment was that everything the child came in contact with would aid and maximize independent learning and exploration. Children are free to choose and work on activities at their own pace. There are generally six aspects, or principles, to the Prepared Environment, Freedom, Structure and Or der, Beauty, Nature and reality, Social Environment, Montessori materials.FreedomMontessori believed that a child must be free to explore and follow his own natural impulses, thus developing his potential and increasing his knowledge of the world around him. Young mountain must have enough freedom to allow them to act on individual initiative. But in order that individual action should be free and useful at the same time it must be restricted with certain limits and rules that give the necessary guidance. (Montessori, M. (1994). From Childhood To Adolescence, Oxford Clio press, p73)Within the prepared environment, the child must experience freedom of movement, freedom of exploration, freedom to interact heartyly, and freedom from interference from others.Structure and OrderStructure and Order in the Montessori classroom accurately spring the sense of structure and order in the universe. By using the Montessori classroom environment the child begins to internalize the order surrou nding him, thus making sense of the world in which he lives. If there is not order to his environment, the childs sense of reason may be off since he will not be able to validate his findings.Atmosphere and BeautyMontessori environments should be beautiful, reflect peace and tranquillity. The environment should invite the learner to come in and work. This gloriole is easily seen by the attitude of those working there, both child and adult.Nature and RealityMontessori believed that we should use nature to inspire children. She continually suggested that Montessori teachers take the children out into nature, quite an than keeping them confined in the classroom. This is why natural materials are preferred in the prepared environment. It is here where child-size real objects come into play. Furniture should be child-size so the child is not dependent on the adult for his movement.Social EnvironmentAs children develop, they become more socially aware, preparing to work and play in grou ps. This social interaction is supported throughout the environment and is encouraged with the nature of multi-age classroom settings. A prepared environment only with a Montessori teacher becomes a whole. The children and the teacher unite to form education whole which is dynamic and continuous process of development for both of them.Montessori materialsThe materials must aid the internal formation of the child. The material must correspond to the childs inner needs. This means that materials must be presented at the right moment of the childs development.Periods of developmentThe four Planes (or phases) of development is an overall vision of Montessoris developmental psychology from infancy to adulthood.3 9 15 21Birth first 6 second 12 third 18fourth 24 24First period (0-6 years)This period is marked by rapid and intense changes in the overall development physical, cognitively, socially, emotionally. Second period (6-12 years)Montessori observed changes in children focus and direc tion in their development. Childrens focus change from one of self-creation to the development of social being. Third period (12-18 years)Montessori regarded adolescence as a period of great vulnerability and a period of self-construction.The Role of the instructorDr. Montessori believed that the teacher should focus on the child as a person quite a than on the daily lesson plans. Although the Montessori teacher plans daily lessons for each child, she must be alert to changes in the childs interest, progress, mood, and behaviour.ChildobserverProviderTeacher EnvironmentPreparerTeacher and child has two folds of role to play. Teacher is an observer observing the child in the environment. Preparer-prepares the friendly environment for the child.Maria Montessori offered some general principles of behaviour for teachers in the Montessori classroom. The teacher becomes the custodian of the environment. All the apparatus is to be kept meticulously in order, perfect condition the teacher also must be tidy and clean, lull and dignified When the child begins to show interest in any activity, the teacher must not interrupt, because this interest corresponds with natural laws and opens up a whole bout of new activities exist. The duty of the teacher is only to present new things when she knows that a child has exhausted all the possibilities of those he was using before.Montessori teachers are the dynamic connexion between children and the Prepared Environment. They systematically observe their students and interpret their needs. They are constantly experimenting, modifying the environment to meet their perceptions of each childs needs and interests, and objectively noting the result. They prepare an environment meant to facilitate childrens independence and ability to freely select work that they find appealing. They observe and evaluate each childs individual progress. They respect and shelter their students independence. They are diagnosticians who can interpret patterns of growth, development, and behaviour in order to better understand the children and make necessary referrals and suggestions to parents.ConclusionFrom birth to adulthood a child undergoes development and transformation within him. To be able to develop themselves fully, children need a special inner tutor which Montessori referred to as absorbent mind and sensitive period. The natural laws that govern the child normal psychic developmentsduring the varies period of development are revealed during his construction. With his inner potentials, and the sensitive periods with a prepared environment and a teacher, the childishness period undergoes varies transformation. By this the child gets normalised and become an unified personality in the society.

Theories of psychological research

Theories of psychological exploreHumans are expected to deal with an immense amount of selective information whilst dealing with everydaycomplex tasks such as driving at high vivifys in variable weather conditions and road conditions. Yet,research has shown that there is a limit to what humans merchantman handle.It is well documented that human demerit on the road motions minor injury to fatal diagonals and evendamage. Treat et al (1977) calculated that human misapprehension is a major contributing factor in 90% ofaccidents and was also the only factor in 57% of accidents.This study will consider two theories of psychological research on human memory. Attention and acquaintance that can be used to assist understanding of the cause of human error on the roads.It will provide an overview of these two theories and the bounds in human information impactthat contributes to accidents. It will also consider human error and how the research mentivirtuosod can beapplied to minimise number one wood errors on the roads. It will conclude with a number of possibilities consideredto reduce human error.Several studies state that open(a) matter of humans to process information is limited in capacity.Green(1991)research confirms that the flow of information whilst undertaking everyday tasks as drivingis complex with the driver intervention various information at the same time such as auditory and visual scuttlebutt vehicles, pedestrians, road signs, weather conditions. There is a persisting demand on thedrivers memory who is also handling other auditory information such as talking to other passengers,listening to music, and recalling or recognising directions. education processing theory is used to explain the importance of watchfulness. Several studies show thataccidents occur when the driver was focussed on something else. Several studies reveal that the drivercan carry put all of the above tasks if visual and auditory input is low. However, if there is an increase indemand for attention when there is poor profile or the driver is driving very fast, or driver is affectedby fatigue or alcohol then attentional capacity is reduced.This limitation in capacity relates to bottleneck theories which suggests information enters the consciousness one at a time whilst the information capacity theories propose information is processed by means of various channels, but each channel has a limited capacity. The driver does not have the capacityfor inputs they can only pay attention to received number of information.Broadbent(1958),Treisman(1960) and Deutsch Deutsch(1963) put forward the theories of selectiveattention that remains influential, despite current theories focus on capacity theory, and the decay ofinformation explained by Baddeley Hitch(1974).Broadbent imbue Model theory is based on Atkinson and Shiffrin multi-store memory model (1968) thatexplains memory processes and sequences stages sensory, short-term and long term memory. There search confirms that the driver processes two types of stimulus. According to Broadbent the inputcomes through the filter and the other stimuli are held in a bottleneck for processing later. Baddeley Hitch (1974) working memory not only has limited capacity but also information decays,this gives limitation in regards to new information being held. There is some difficulty with Filter modelTheory of attention. cherry (1953) cocktail party effect experiment confirms the subject focusesattention on interesting stimuli whilst ignoring other stimulus. Again, Treisman (1960) proposed that ifstimulus has meaning it can be processed, whilst Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) proposed that if stimulusneeds to be responded to it can be selected later.The conclusion to be drawn from this, is that driver capacity to interact safely on the road is reducedand the possibility of human error increases because of the demands placed on attention. With suchcomplex tasks as driving, information would not be retained or recalled, and as the capacity for inputsare limited the driver can only pay attention to certain pieces of information, so information whichcould be important could slip from memory. The issue remains of how to get drivers to focus theirattention fully on the road.Human perception is another research area that can be applied to human error on the roads. Humanperception is based on context and expectations the bottom up and top down approach. Several studiesreveal that perceptual error jeopardise road safety. For example drivers a great deal admit to not send offing visibleinformation such as pedestrians crossing the road. In addition drivers misinterpret information such asspeed or closeness to other vehicles. or drivers misread the speed or the closeness of other vehicles.Mack Rock (1992) researched visual perception of unhoped shapes whilst aspect at it directly. Thisphenomenon is called inattentional blindness or perceptual blindness. This phenomenon occurs whens ubjects do not see visible objects in front of them. This can be for reasons such as pluck ofinformation or their attention is focussed on something else that has meaning, or no internal reference to the visible object. Simons, Chabris (2004) experiment on perception resulted in display how subjects did not see an incident happening in front of them. This experiment involved participants playing basketball game and missing an unexpected appearance of mortal dressed up in a white gorilla suit walk onto the ball court during the game. Subjects did not recall seeing the white gorilla.Scholl et al (2003) research also suggests that auditory input such as talking on mobile telephone can increase the opportunity of a subject failing to notice the unexpected and leading to increased human errors.This research on perception has implications for road safety, as drivers often report they did not see thepedestrian or car in front. The driver focus on what they expect to see top down process ing ratherthan on the unexpected objects. This results in the likelihood of important and unexpected objects beingmissed. Neisser (1976) suggests that is not either or for humans. Perception involves both top down and bottom up processing becoming a perceptual cycle.Reason (1991) extensive research on human error defines error as circumstances in which planned accomplishment fail to achieve the desired outcome. Examples of this are stepping on the brakes too late andfailing to stop at red traffic lights. Norman Shallice(1986) and Reason(1991)theory could be used to explain human error in driving tasks and knowledge. Norman and Shallice propose two types of program line controlled control and automatic control. Controlled control being in spite of appearance awareness, but conscious and limited and automatic control out of awareness, creates automacity in tasks already rehearsed over a long period of time. This become out of awareness and is performed without effort like driving. Reason (1991) also suggests that there are 3 types of cognitive processes that cause errors. Skills based error or slips these consist of automatic go through that was unconsciousRules based mistakes these consist of non-appliance of a heuristic to undertake a taskKnowledge based conscious thought to solve a businessFinally Reason (2000) Swiss Cheese Model of human error can assist in understanding how road accidentoccurs. All slices of the discontinue model have gaps which have to be aligned for an accident to occur. Thusa combination of factors can cause human error. To reduce the chance of accident road experts coulduse Reason model to identify the factors that contribute reducing unsafe acts such as talking on mobileswhilst driving, visible multiple cues, signals, garble coding, speed limits and road examinations are someof the examples observed to reduce road fatalities.ConclusionThis essay has attempted to briefly explain the psychological research on memory that could be appliedto the road. It concludes that this research on attention and perception can help to understand thecause of human errors on the road. However, memory research is still laboratory based, and opens tocriticism regarding ecological validity. In deed human error is inevitable and getting humans to adapttheir behaviour may cut challenging.ReferencesTreat,J,R, Tumbus,N,S,McDonald,S,T,Shinar,D,Hume,R,D,Mayer,R,E,Stanisfer,R,L and Castellan,N,J(1977) Tri-level study of the cause of traffic accidents report No.DOT-HS-034-3-535-7777(TAC)Green, M (1991) Visual Search, Visual streams and Visual architectures. Perception and Psychophysics, 50,388-403Cherry, C (1958) some experiments in the recognition of speech with one and two ears, Journal of acoustical society of America, 25,975-979Broadbent, D (1958) Perception and Communication London/New York, Pergamon PressAtkinson,R and Shiffrin,R(1968) Human memory A proposed system and its control processes, In K,W Spence and J,T Spence(Eds) Th e psychology of learning motivation (vol2) London Academic pressBaddeley,A Hitch,G (1974)Working memory in G Bower(Ed) The psychology of learning motivation(vol 8)pp.47-90 San Diego, Academic PressTreisman, A (1960) Contextual cues in selective listening. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12,242-248Mack, A Rock, I (199 ) Inattentional Blindness Cambridge,MA,MIT PressScholl,B Noles,N,Pashera,V,Sussman,R(2003) Talking on cellular phone dramatically increases sustained Inattentional blindnessabstractJournal of vision,3(9)156,156aSimons,D Chabris,C(1999) Gorillas in our Midst Sustained Inattentional blindness for dynamic events.Perception,28,1059-1071Reason,J(2000) Human Error, Models and management, British Medical Journal,320 768-770Norman,D,A,Shallice,T(1986) Attention to Action Willed and automatic control of behaviour in R.J. Davidson,G.E Schwartz and D.Shapiro(Ed)The design of everyday living, New York, DoubledayNeisser(1976)Cognition and Reality San Francisco,CA,W .H Freeman

Vodafone Marketing Strategies

Vodafone Marketing StrategiesAdvertisement. Vodafone has a specific advertisement scheme in new Zealand .Vodafone try to target its clients through advertisement. Vodafone spend huge notes on its advertisement that customer can get full and reform information about harvestings. On the TV channel of new Zealand ads of Vodafone harvest-feasts can be exitn comanlly.Vodafone dominate on TV radio newspaper and other ship bureau which provide information to customer .Vodafone give ads o TV before launching in the marketing to leaven that product.Vodafone is well lastn company in newzealand because of its forward motional expressive styles which attract to customer in effective counsel.vodafone sponsor to worriz team in new Zealand which team promote its products or service in new Zealand.Personal selling.. Vodafone promote its product by using personal selling method of marketing. Employees of Vodafone communicate with customer to convince to buy product or service.vodafone reg ular conduct sales meeting in stores that how to satisfy to customer by giving good service or product. We can know about products by call to customer care of Vodafone which is 24 hours for help to its customers and in like manner can know about products or services .it can be seen in Auckland cities salesmen of Vodafone show samples of products to attract to customer for example information about new plans ,showing new mobile phones of Vodafone company .i think it is nearly effective representation to promotion because seller come to know about seeks and wants of buyer and company can have feedback through this idea.Direct marketing.. Vodafone use both bureau of direct marketing like face to face or indirect communication through television ,radio, newspaper.vodafone employees go to door to door and sell their product .Vodafone use direct or letters to target audience they putt browser in letter box however former(prenominal) it is junk mail but company has opportunity to get fast response from customers.vodafone do street advertisement for example on queen street of Auckland.vodafone gives preference to such(prenominal) way specially door to door because they are successful to sell their product or service.Publicity Vodafone is such company which is one of most familiar in new Zealand so media has special observation on Vodafone activities which helps to Vodafone make more attract or noticeable of customers .Articles and newspaper give information of companies upcoming products or services and it also focus on policies ,actions of company which give information about company to its customersInternet marketing. Vodafone has its own website which has every topic whatever customer want to know .second way of promotion is face book or twitter Vodafone nz has pages on both which is also a way to promote .company also enrapture mail to its target audience those who log in companys site.Advantages and disadvantages of use promotional toolsAdvantagesAdver tisements are most successful way to promote any product. Advertisement has both audio and video effects if it is shown on television which helps to consumer to analysis that product by seeing like we can see size of product,figtures ,shape ect.Advertisement has great access to people because almost everyone watch television, listen radio, and read newspaper or magazines .advertisements on television specially send existent message to customer with right and unique way because we can watch and listen so consumer get message whatever company want to send to its consumer. Advertisements attract to people because some celebrity indorse particular product for example David backham is brand ambassador of Vodafone company for world wide. Personal selling brings customer to company by convincing them. Salesman makes understand to customer about product and service so salesman get response on the spot. Communication becomes stronger due to this way of promotion. Direct marketing is cheap w ay of promotion like sending mail to customers. Internet marketing which can be define one of most accessible way to reach to consumers .Today heaps of product are launched by different companies in the whole world so internet becomes a way to promote that product or service in the world.Throught internet customer can be targeted for example if any company make product for jr. people then company can promote by social sites like facebook,orkut ect.DisadvantagesAdvertisements is costly function of promotion generally if company spend money on ads for promotion then cost of per item will increase and company covered this cost by increasing price of product. Some advertisements misdirect to customers which ads are cleverly made by companies to create misleading impression of products .it has happened with Vodafone so Vodafone had to pay fine for such advertisement .company has to spend huge get of money to make an video advertisement for example David Backham charge huge money to ind orse of one advertisement. Direct marketing can irritate to consumer because sometime consumer are not ready to face salesman .door to door promotion idea consume more time than other way of promotions. Internet marketing has also some disadvantages because customer cannot experience product before buying for example if anybody purchase Vodafone companies cell phone then customer cannot experience features ,apps ect .Internet promotion has other big fault that it is not secure mostly internet has security reasons.Conclusions .at the end I would like say that promotion tools which are used by Vodafone new Zealand are effective because due to such tools Vodafone is most popular company in new Zealand as well as in whole world. Every thing has pros and cons so promotional tools of Vodafone also have these things.